Which of the following is NOT a phase of primary succession?

Primary succession is a natural process that occurs in an environment that is previously devoid of life, often following events such as volcanic eruptions or glacial retreats. In this context, the phases of primary succession can be outlined as follows:

Soil development is a critical phase because the initial environment may have little to no soil. As pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, colonize the barren landscape, their biological activity contributes to soil formation. Over time, these organisms break down rock and organic matter, which helps create a more hospitable environment for other plants.

Species diversification follows the establishment of pioneer species. Once these initial colonizers create a more stable environment, other species, including more complex plants and animals, begin to establish themselves within the ecosystem. This increase in biodiversity is a hallmark of later stages of succession.

Establishment of pioneer species is the first major phase of primary succession. These species are specially adapted to thrive in harsh and nutrient-poor conditions. Through their growth, they play a significant role in modifying the environment and paving the way for subsequent species.

Habitat destruction, on the other hand, does not fit within the phases of primary succession. Instead, it refers to the negative impact of human activities or natural disasters that lead