What process describes the engulfing of pathogens by immune cells?

The process that involves the engulfing of pathogens by immune cells is phagocytosis. This mechanism is a crucial part of the immune response, where specialized cells, known as phagocytes, actively seek out and ingest harmful microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.

During phagocytosis, the immune cell recognizes a pathogen through surface receptors that can bind to specific features of the pathogen. Once attached, the cell membrane extends around the pathogen, ultimately enclosing it in a vesicle known as a phagosome. This vesicle then merges with lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes that break down the pathogen, allowing the immune cell to eliminate the threat.

This process is vital for defending the body against infections and is a key function of various immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. Understanding phagocytosis helps illustrate how the immune system maintains health by preemptively combating pathogens before they can cause significant harm.